Application management based on data correlations

ABSTRACT

Application management based on data correlations is disclosed. One example is a system including a data processor, a data element generator, a matrix generator, a data analysis module, a performance module, and a load test manager. The data processor accesses test data based on an application under load testing. The data element generator generates a plurality of transactional data elements based on the test data, each data element comprising at least three data components. The matrix generator generates a covariance matrix based on the data components. The data analysis module determines an eigenvector associated with the covariance matrix, and identifies a correlation between a sub-plurality of the at least three data components based on coefficients of the eigenvector. The performance module determines, based on the correlation, performance metrics for the application under load testing. The load test manager manages, based on the performance metrics, the application under load testing.

BACKGROUND

Many applications allow for dynamic, asynchronous data transfer, usingmultiple communication protocols and a variety of servers. Often, suchapplications gather data from distributed, heterogeneous sources.Clients having client-side functionality often also have server-sidecomponents, which may need additional processing before the server sendsthe data back to the client over a network. This separation ofcomponents over the network can cause latency that may affect theoverall performance of an application that is executing on the network.Understanding the elements which contribute to this latency is importantfor developing and maintaining applications that must meet certainperformance requirements.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram illustrating one example of anenvironment for a system for application management based on datacorrelations.

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram illustrating one example of asystem for application management based on data correlations.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating one example of a processingsystem for implementing the system for application management based ondata correlations.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating one example of a computerreadable medium for application management based on data correlations.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating one example of a method forapplication management based on data correlations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Data correlation is a process of identifying quantitativeinterrelationships between transactional data elements. In a complexinformation system, several data components may generate transactionaldata elements. This separation of components over the network can causelatency that may affect the overall performance of an application thatis executing on the network. In addition to performance issues caused bynetwork latency, many application developers use new applicationtechnologies having features that enhance the interactivity of the userexperience but at the cost of increasing network traffic. Whencompounded with network latency and bandwidth constraints, the largeamounts of network traffic generated by these new technologies cancreate bottlenecks that can significantly impact system performance.

In such complex information systems, where several data sources may beinvolved, each generating its own data, there is often a need to findcorrelations in the data emerging from such data sources in order togain insight about the system as a whole. Due to complexity of the data,latent relationships may exist that provide deeper insight into thesystem. Identifying such quantitative interrelationships between thegenerated transactional data elements may reveal interrelationshipsbetween the infrastructure components, thereby providing insight aboutthe system as a whole.

In some examples, to accurately predict the performance of anapplication, the individual components of the application may be testedboth during development and in a production environment. Generally,performance testing solutions may create synthetic transactionsinvolving virtual users on an emulated network in order to predictapplication performance in production. For example, in an onlineshopping website, a transaction may be any user event, and test data mayinclude, for example, a user identifier identifying a user, loginresponse time indicative of time taken by the user to login at theonline shopping website, and a transaction response time indicative oftime taken by the user to complete a purchase transaction at theshopping website, a number of transactions completed in a second(“TPS”), and so forth. Test data may be generated for a plurality ofusers. A systems performance engineer may be interested in determining,for example, if there may be a correlation between the user, the user'slogin response time, and the user's transaction response time. In someexamples, the systems performance engineer may be interested in acorrelation between the user's login response time, and the user'stransaction response time. Also, for example, a system may be testedunder load for a variety of operations, and test data may indicate ifthe system passed or failed the test.

Generally, a correlation between two data components may be identifiedeasily. However, identifying a correlation between three or more datacomponents may be computationally difficult. For example, two datasources may provide transactional data elements (x₁, x₂), such as, forexample, (5, 1), (4, 2), (3, 3), and (2, 4). For example, x₁ mayrepresent a user's login response time, and x₂ may represent the user'stransaction response time. In this example, it may be determined that(x₁, x₂) are correlated, and specifically that x₁+x₂=6 for every x₁ andx₂.

Data may be positively or negatively correlated. Positive correlationmay be indicative of two data values that increase together, andnegative correlation may be indicative of two data values where a firstdata value increases whereas a second data value decreases. For example,it may be determined that (x₁, x₂) have high negative correlation, andspecifically that x₁+x₂=6 for every x₁ and x₂.

In some examples, three data sources may provide test data based on anapplication under load testing, and a data element generator maygenerate a plurality of transactional data elements in a format such as(x₁, x₂, x₃), for example, (2, 5, 2), (4, 1, 0), (3, 3, 1), (0, 8, 3),and (6, 2, 3). As in this example, there may not appear to be an evidentrelationship between any two components of the transactional dataelements. However, the three components may be determined to becorrelated as x₁+x₂−x₃=5. In other words, x₃ has a positive correlationwith x₁ and x₂.

As described herein, eigen-decomposition of a covariance matrix may beutilized to identify highly correlated data components by identifying aneigenvector with a low variance, which in turn indicates highcorrelation between components of the eigenvector. The components of theeigenvector may be based on the data components of the plurality oftransactional data elements, thereby revealing data correlations betweenthe data components and/or data sources generating the plurality oftransactional data elements. Generally, principle covariance analysis(“PCA”) may be based on identifying correlations between vectors in arelevant vector space. As described herein, a covariance analysis may beutilized to identify correlations between basis vectors of the relevantvector space.

As described in various examples herein, application management based ondata correlations is disclosed. One example is a system including a dataprocessor, a data element generator, a matrix generator, a data analysismodule, a performance module, and a load test manager. The dataprocessor accesses test data based on an application under load testing.The data element generator generates a plurality of transactional dataelements based on the test data, each data element comprising at leastthree data components. The matrix generator generates a covariancematrix based on the data components. The data analysis module determinesan eigenvector associated with the covariance matrix, and identifies acorrelation between a sub-plurality of the at least three datacomponents based on coefficients of the eigenvector. The performancemodule determines, based on the correlation, performance metrics for theapplication under load testing. The load test manager manages, based onthe performance metrics, the application under load testing.

In the following detailed description, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown byway of illustration specific examples in which the disclosure may bepracticed. It is to be understood that other examples may be utilized,and structural or logical changes may be made without departing from thescope of the present disclosure. The following detailed description,therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of thepresent disclosure is defined by the appended claims. It is to beunderstood that features of the various examples described herein may becombined, in part or whole, with each other, unless specifically notedotherwise.

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram illustrating one example of anenvironment 100 for a system 108 for application management based ondata correlations. In some implementations, environment 100 may includea performance testing system 102. For example, performance testingsystem 102 may include a non-transitory machine-readable storage mediumencoded with instructions which, when executed on a processor, mayexamine system behavior and performance while generating actual load. Insome examples, performance testing system 102 may emulate hundreds orthousands of concurrent users and/or transactions 104 to collectinformation from infrastructure components. In some examples,performance testing system 102 may be configured to test bothbrowser-based and native mobile applications based on a various networkbehaviors and service virtualizations. In some examples, performancetesting system 102 may be configured to integrate performance testing,including continuous integration into a developing environment. In someexamples, performance testing system 102 may identify applicationperformance bottlenecks by using, for example, non-intrusive and/orreal-time performance monitors that leverage application-layer andcode-level data for root cause and analytics.

The system 108 for application management based on data correlations mayinclude, invoke, execute, reference, or may be communicably coupled withthe server 106 in performance testing system 102. The server 106 mayinclude any software, hardware, and/or firmware configured to executetransactions 104 using the applications. For example, the server 106 maybe a computing system that executes transactions 104 from thousands ofusers. In this example, the server 106 may support hundreds or thousandsof users simultaneously. In some examples, the system 108 to determineapplication performance metrics based on data correlations may providethe application performance metrics to a computing device 110 forcorrection of bottlenecks, balancing of network traffic, and/orperformance of other system management tasks to enhance applicationefficiency.

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram illustrating one example of asystem 200 for application management based on data correlations. Insome examples, the system 200 is the system 108 for applicationmanagement based on data correlations described with reference toFIG. 1. The term “system” may be used to refer to a single computingdevice or multiple computing devices that communicate with each other(e.g. via a network) and operate together to provide a unified service.The components of system 200 may communicate with one another over anetwork (represented by the bi-directional arrows in FIG. 2). Asdescribed herein, the network may be any wired or wireless network, andmay include any number of hubs, routers, switches, cell towers, and soforth. Such a network may be, for example, part of a cellular network,part of the internet, part of an intranet, and/or any other type ofnetwork.

System 200 may access test data based on an application under loadtesting. The system 200 may generate a plurality of transactional dataelements based on the test data, each data element comprising at leastthree data components, and may generate a covariance matrix based on theat least three data components. The system 200 may determine aneigenvector associated with a lowest eigenvalue of the covariancematrix, and may identify a correlation between a sub-plurality of the atleast three data components based on coefficients of the eigenvector.System 200 may determine, based on the correlation, performance metricsfor the application under load testing.

System 200 may include a load test manager 202, a data processor 204, adata analysis module 212, and a performance module 216. In someexamples, the components of system 200 may be implemented as machinereadable instructions stored on a machine-readable storage medium. Themachine readable storage medium storing such instructions may beintegrated with the system 200, or it may be an external medium that maybe accessible to the system 200.

Data processor 202 may include a non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium including instructions that, when executed by aprocessor, access test data based on an application under load testing.Load testing may be a process by which an application (e.g., softwareapplication) is tested under a simulated stress (or load). Typically,applications may be tested in a fashion similar to the manner that theapplication will be used in the operating environment of the customers.Hence, a test engineer tries to understand how a human user would usethe application, and then devises a method on how the human usage may beautomated through the use of an application testing or networkmonitoring tool, such as performance testing system 102 in FIG. 1. Insuch configurations, the application developer or tester may provide anumber of test network transactions and other traffic that mimic realworld situations. A load test may include concurrent execution ofmultiple scripts to evaluate the performance of a computer program.

The test data may be provided to a data element generator 204 forprocessing. In some examples, data processor 202 may include anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium including instructionsthat, when executed by a processor, provide the test data to the dataelement generator 204. In some examples, data element generator 204 mayinclude a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium includinginstructions that, when executed by a processor, receive the test datafrom the data processor 202. In some examples, data element generator204 may include a non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumincluding instructions that, when executed by a processor, generate aplurality of transactional data elements 206 based on the test data,each transactional data element 206 comprising at least three datacomponents. In some examples, the at least three data components may bereceived from at least three data sources. In some examples, the testdata may be received as structured data comprising transactional dataelements 206 with at least three data components. In such instances,data processor 202 and data element generator 204 may be merged into onecomponent of system 200.

In some examples, data processor 204 may generate the plurality oftransactional data elements 206 from raw and/or unstructured test data.As illustrated, Data Element 1 may comprise Component 11 from DataSource 1, Component 12 from Data Source 2, Component 13 from Data Source3, and so forth till Component 1N from Data Source N. Similarly, DataElement 2 may comprise Component 21 from Data Source 1, Component 22from Data Source 2, Component 23 from Data Source 3, and so forth tillComponent 2N from Data Source N. In some examples, Data Element 1 may bea vector such as (Component 11, Component 12, . . . , Component 1N). Insome examples, Data Element 2 may be a vector such as (Component 21,Component 22, . . . , Component 2N). In some examples, the at leastthree data components may be numeric data. In some examples, the atleast three data components may be non-numeric data, and may beconverted to numeric data.

In some examples, data element generator 204 may include anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium including instructionsthat, when executed by a processor, provide the transactional dataelements 206 to the matrix generator 208. In some examples, matrixgenerator 208 may include a non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium including instructions that, when executed by a processor,receive the transactional data elements 206 from the data elementgenerator 204. In some examples, matrix generator 208 may include anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium including instructionsthat, when executed by a processor, generate a covariance matrix 210based on the at least three data components. The covariance matrix 210may be a matrix where the ij^(th) element is indicative of thecovariance between the random variable which is the i^(th) component ofthe Data Elements, and the random variable which is the j^(th) componentof the Data Elements. Generally, the covariance matrix 210 may not bedependent on the number of points, but only on the number of dimensions.Covariance measures how much the plurality of transactional dataelements change with respect to one another.

In some examples, the transactional data elements 206 may be vectorssuch as X=(x₁, x₂, . . . , x_(N)), and Y=(y₁, y₂, . . . , y_(N)). Acovariance matrix 210 for X and Y may be determined as C, where theij^(th) element of matrix C is:

C _(ij) =cov(x _(i) , y _(j)).

In some examples, matrix generator 208 may include a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium including instructions that, whenexecuted by a processor, provide the covariance matrix 210 to the dataanalysis module 212. In some examples, data analysis module 212 mayinclude a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium includinginstructions that, when executed by a processor, receive the covariancematrix 210 from the matrix generator 208. In some examples, dataanalysis module 212 may include a non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium including instructions that, when executed by aprocessor, determine an eigenvector associated with a lowest eigenvalueof the covariance matrix. In some examples, the eigenvectors form abasis for the same vector space that may include the vectors X and Y.Generally, in principal component analysis, or eigenvalue decomposition,eigenvectors with high eigenvalue have large variance, and hence lowcorrelation between the vector components; eigenvectors with loweigenvalue have small variance, and hence high correlation between thevector components. In some examples, the data analysis module 212 mayrank the eigenvectors based on eigenvalues of the covariance matrix.

Data analysis module 212 may identify a correlation between asub-plurality of the at least three data components based oncoefficients of the eigenvector. In some implementations, data analysismodule 212 may include a non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumincluding instructions that, when executed by a processor, identify thecorrelation. For example, the standard basis vectors in the Euclideanspace R^(N) may be represented as e₁ ₌₍1, 0, 0, . . . , 0), e₂=(0, 1, 0,. . . , 0), . . . , e_(N)=(0, 0, 0, . . . , 1). The eigenvectors of thecovariance matrix C may be represented as v₁, v₂, . . . , v_(N).Accordingly, each v_(i) may be represented as a linear combination ofthe standard basis vector:

v₁=Σ_(j=1) ^(N)a_(j) e_(j)

where each a_(j) is a real number. As described herein, in someexamples, the eigenvectors may be ranked in increasing order based onthe associated eigenvalues.

In some examples, the eigenvalues may be represented as μ₁, μ₂, . . . ,μ_(N), and may be arranged in increasing order of their values. In someexamples, the lowest eigenvalue μ₁=0.01, with corresponding eigenvectorv₁. Also, for example, the sum of all eigenvalues may be 10, i.e.,

μ₁+μ₂+ . . . +μ_(N)=10.

In some examples, the lowest eigenvalue has a lowest spectral energy. Insome examples, a spectral energy may be associated with the eigenvalueand/or eigenvector. The spectral energy for eigenvalue μ_(i) associatedwith eigenvector v_(i) may be determined as:

$\frac{\mu_{i}}{\mu_{1} + \mu_{2} + \ldots + \mu_{N}}$

In some examples, the spectral energy of the lowest eigenvalue μ₁=0.01,with corresponding eigenvector v₁ may be determined as 0.01/10=0.001,where μ₁+μ₂+ . . . +μ_(N)=10. In terms of information stored, when thetwo transactional data elements are represented in terms of theeigenvectors v₁, v₂, . . . , v_(N), the value of their first coordinateprojected along the direction of v₁ holds 0.01/10=0.001 of theinformation. Accordingly, the first coordinate may be determined to havevery low covariance.

As described herein, the eigenvector v₁ may be represented as a linearcombination of the standard basis vectors. In some examples,v₁=e₁+e₂−e₃. Accordingly, for the transactional data elements 206represented as (x₁, x₂, x₃), the data analysis module 212 may identifythe correlation between x₁, x₂, and x₃; in particular, that x₁, x₂, andx₃ are highly correlated, and that x₃ and x₁+x₂ are dependent. In someexamples, the data analysis module 212 may identify a correlationbetween the respective at least three data sources. For example, thedata analysis module 212 may identify that Data Source 1, Data Source 2,and Data Source 3 are highly correlated.

In some examples, data correlations 214 may be identified for asub-collection of the eigenvectors v₁, v₂, . . . , V_(N). For example,the plurality of transactional data elements 206 may comprise ten datacomponents (x₁, x₂, . . . , x₁₀), and it may be determined that theeigenvector v₁ associated with the lowest eigenvalue satisfiesv₁=e₃+e₅−e₈, thereby providing data correlations 214 between the datacomponents x₃, x₅, and x₈. Accordingly, it may be determined that of theten data sources, Data Source 3, Data Source 5, and Data Source 8 arecorrelated.

In some examples, the data analysis module 212 may identify theeigenvector having the lowest eigenvalue when the lowest eigenvalue isbelow a threshold value. For example, if the threshold value is set to0.0001, then the data analysis module 212 may determine that the datasources are not correlated, based at least in part on the determinationthat the lowest spectral energy is 0.001, which is not below thethreshold value of 0.0001. On the other hand, if the threshold value isset to 0.01, then the data analysis module 212 may determine that thedata sources are correlated, based at least in part on the determinationthat the lowest spectral energy is 0.001, which is below the thresholdvalue of 0.01.

Data correlations 214 may be provided to the performance module 216 bythe data analysis module 212. In some examples, data analysis module 212may include a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium includinginstructions that, when executed by a processor, provide the datacorrelations 214 to the performance module 216. In some examples,performance module 216 may include a non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium including instructions that, when executed by aprocessor, receive the data correlations 214 from the data analysismodule 212. In some examples, performance module 216 may include anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium including instructionsthat, when executed by a processor, determine, based on the correlation,performance metrics 218 for the application under load testing.

In some examples, the performance metrics 218 for the application underload testing may include system capability for network traffic from thesub-at least three data sources. In some examples, a system may betested under load of various operations (or transactions). Transactionalinformation may be accessed, including, for example, transaction and/orresponse time, if the transaction passed or failed, number oftransactions completed in a second, and so forth. In some examples, forthree transactions T₁, T₂, and T₃, system 200 may generate a vector forthe number of transactions per second (“TPS”), for example, (T_(1—)TPS,T_(2—)TPS, T_(3—)TPS), and the data analysis module 212 may identifydata correlations 214 such as T_(1—)TPS+T_(2—)TPS+T_(3—)TPS=1000. Basedon the data correlations 214, performance module 216 may determineperformance metrics 218 for the application under load testing, such as,for example, system capability for network traffic from data sourcesgenerating the operations.

In some examples, the performance metrics 218 for the application underload testing may include a potential bottleneck for the network traffic,and the performance module 216 may detect the potential bottleneck forthe network traffic based on the system capability. In some examples,the bottleneck may be an internet bottleneck, where high usage mayimpede the speed on the internet at a particular point. In someexamples, the bottleneck may be a software component that may severelyaffect application performance.

In some examples, the performance metrics 218 for the application underload testing may include an incorrect locking, and the performancemodule 216 may detect an incorrect locking based on the systemcapability. For example, if T₁, T₂, and T₃ together lock an entiredatabase, then a greater number of transactions per second oftransaction type T₁ may be indicative of a lower number of transactionsper second of transaction types T₂, and T₃.

In some examples, the transactional data elements 206 may be representedas (x₁, x₂, x₃), where data component x₁ indicates response time of auser login, data component x₂ indicates a number of order acquisitions,and data component x₃ indicates number of cancellations. The pluralityof transactional data elements may be (2, 5, 2), (4, 1, 0), (3, 3, 1),(0, 8, 3), and (6, 2, 3). Based on these transactional data elements, acovariance matrix 210 may be described as:

$C = \begin{pmatrix}5 & {- 5.5} & {- 0.5} \\{- 5.5} & 7.7 & 2.2 \\{- 0.5} & 2.2 & 1.7\end{pmatrix}$

A spectral decomposition for this covariance matrix is illustrated inTable 1. As indicated, the eigenvector v₁ with the lowest eigenvalueμ₁=0 may be expressed in terms of x₁, x₂, and x₃ as follows:

v ₁=−0.577 x ₁−0.577 x ₂+0.577 x ₃

TABLE 1 Spectral Decomposition of the Covariance Matrix C EigenvectorEigenvalue Coefficient 1 Coefficient 2 Coefficient 3 v₁ 0 −0.577 −0.5770.577 v₂ 1.995 0.56 0.234 0.794 v₃ 12.405 −0.594 0.782 0.188Accordingly, data analysis module 212 may determine that x₁+x₂−x₃ has ahigh correlation.

As in the above-mentioned example, the data analysis module 212 maydetermine that x₁+x₂−x₃ has a high correlation. In some examples, suchdata correlations 214 may be received by the performance module 216. Thedata correlations 214 may be indicative of an incorrect and/or redundantlocking being performed in a database between the seemingly independentoperations, tables, and/or data that may be representative of responsetime of a user login, number of order acquisitions, and number ofcancellations. Such information may be determined, for example, asperformance metrics 218 for the database.

Performance metrics 218 may be provided to the load test manager 220 bythe performance module 216. In some examples, performance module 216 mayinclude a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium includinginstructions that, when executed by a processor, provide the performancemetrics 218 to the load test manager 220. In some examples, load testmanager 220 may include a non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium including instructions that, when executed by a processor,receive the performance metrics 218 from the performance module 216. Insome examples, load test manager 220 may include a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium including instructions that, whenexecuted by a processor, manage, based on the performance metrics 218,the application under load testing.

In some examples, where the performance metrics 218 are indicative of anincorrect and/or redundant locking being performed in a database betweenthe seemingly independent operations, tables, and/or data that may berepresentative of response time of a user login, number of orderacquisitions, and number of cancellations, the load test manager 220 mayredesign a system and/or database that supports the seeminglyindependent operations, tables, and/or data.

In some examples, where the performance metrics 218 are indicative of apotential bottleneck for the network traffic, the load test manager 220may manage network traffic to avert the potential bottleneck. Inexamples where the bottleneck is an internet bottleneck, where highusage may impede the speed on the internet at a particular point, theload test manager 220 may manage network traffic at and/or proximate tothe particular point. In some examples where the bottleneck is asoftware component that may severely affect application performance, theload test manager 220 may modify the timing and/or implementation of thesoftware component.

In some examples, where the performance metrics 218 are indicative of anincorrect locking, the load test manager 220 may correct the incorrectlocking. For example, if T₁, T₂, and T₃ together lock an entiredatabase, then a greater number of transactions per second oftransaction type T₁ may be indicative of a lower number of transactionsper second of transaction types T₂, and T₃. Accordingly, load testmanager 220 may balance the number of transactions per second byredistributing them to avoid the incorrect locking.

In some examples, the load test manager 220 may trigger a system alertbased on the system capability. For example, upon a determination thatof ten data sources, Data Source 3, Data Source 5, and Data Source 8 arecorrelated, the performance module 216 may trigger a system alert thatData Source 3, Data Source 5, and Data Source 8 are correlated. Asdescribed herein, the performance module 216 may identify if thesub-plurality of the at least three data sources are correlated. In someexamples, the performance module 216 may identify if the sub-pluralityof the at least three data sources are positively correlated ornegatively correlated. For example, upon receipt of performance metrics218 indicative of system capability for network traffic, the load testmanager 220 may trigger an alert for a performance engineer that thesystem cannot handle more than 1000 transactions per second of type T₁,T₂, and T₃. If T₁, T₂, and T₃, are unrelated (or independent)operations, then an inability to handle more than 1000 transactions persecond may be indicative of a problem with the system, and the load testmanager 220 may trigger another alert for the performance engineer.

In some examples, the load test manager 220 may include a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium including instructions that, whenexecuted by a processor, provide such application management informationto the performance testing system 102 illustrated in FIG. 1. Forexample, the load test manager 220 may include a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium including instructions that, whenexecuted by a processor, trigger a system alert based on the performancemetrics 218 for the application, and such a system alert may betriggered via the performance testing system 102 illustrated in FIG. 1.In some examples, the load test manager 220 may include a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium including instructions that, whenexecuted by a processor, perform the load testing on the application.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating one example of a processingsystem 300 for implementing the system 200 for application managementbased on data correlations. Processing system 300 may include aprocessor 302, a memory 304, input devices 318, and output devices 320.Processor 302, memory 304, input devices 318, and output devices 320 arecoupled to each other through communication link (e.g., a bus).

Processor 302 may include a Central Processing Unit (CPU) or anothersuitable processor. In some examples, memory 304 stores machine readableinstructions executed by processor 302 for operating processing system300. Memory 304 may include any suitable combination of volatile and/ornon-volatile memory, such as combinations of Random Access Memory (RAM),Read-Only Memory (ROM), flash memory, and/or other suitable memory.

Memory 304 stores instructions to be executed by processor 302 includinginstructions for a data processor 306, a data element generator 308, amatrix generator 310, a data analysis module 312, a performance module314, and a load test manager 316. In some examples, data processor 306,data element generator 308, matrix generator 310, data analysis module312, performance module 314, and load test manager 316 include dataprocessor 202, data element generator 204, matrix generator 208, dataanalysis module 212, performance module 216, and load test manager 220respectively, as previously described and illustrated with reference toFIG. 2.

In some examples, processor 302 executes instructions of data processor306 to access test data 322 based on an application under load testing.In some examples, processor 302 executes instructions of a data elementgenerator 308 to generate a plurality of transactional data elementsbased on the test data 322, each data element comprising at least threedata components. In some examples, each transactional data element maybe a vector with components from the at least three data sources.

In some examples, processor 302 executes instructions of matrixgenerator 310 to generate a covariance matrix based on the at leastthree data components. Processor 302 executes instructions of a dataanalysis module 312 to determine an eigenvector associated with a lowesteigenvalue of the covariance matrix, and to identify a correlationbetween a sub-plurality of the at least three data components based oncoefficients of the eigenvector. In some examples, processor 302executes instructions of the data analysis module 312 to rank theeigenvectors based on eigenvalues of the covariance matrix.

In some examples, processor 302 executes instructions of c the dataanalysis module 312 to identify the correlation between the at leastthree data sources by identifying an eigenvector having a lowestspectral energy. In some examples, processor 302 executes instructionsof the data analysis module 312 to identify the eigenvector having thelowest eigenvalue when the lowest spectral energy is below a thresholdvalue. In some examples, processor 302 executes instructions of the dataanalysis module 312 to identify if the sub-plurality of the at leastthree data sources are positively correlated.

In some examples, processor 302 executes instructions of a performancemodule 314 to determine, based on the correlation, performance metricsfor the application under load testing. In some examples, performancemetrics for the application under load testing include system capabilityfor network traffic from the sub-at least three data sources. In someexamples, processor 302 executes instructions of a performance module314 to detect a potential bottleneck for the network traffic based onthe system capability. In some examples, processor 302 executesinstructions of a performance module 314 to detect an incorrect lockingbased on the system capability.

In some examples, processor 302 executes instructions of a load testmanager 220 to manage, based on the performance metrics, the applicationunder load testing. In some examples, processor 302 executesinstructions of a load test manager 220 to trigger a system alert basedon the performance metrics for the application. In some examples,processor 302 executes instructions of a load test manager 220 toperform the load testing on the application.

Input devices 318 include a keyboard, mouse, data ports, and/or othersuitable devices for inputting information into processing system 300.In some examples, input devices 318 are used to access test data 322.Output devices 320 include a monitor, speakers, data ports, and/or othersuitable devices for outputting information from processing system 300.In some examples, output devices 320 are used to output performancemetrics for the application under load testing.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating one example of a computerreadable medium for application management based on data correlations.Processing system 400 may include a processor 402, a computer readablemedium 416, a load test manager 404, a data processor 406, a correlationidentifier 408, and an application performance monitor 410. Processor402, computer readable medium 416, load test manager 404, data processor406, correlation identifier 408, and application performance monitor 410are coupled to each other through communication link (e.g., a bus).

Processor 402 executes instructions included in the computer readablemedium 416. Computer readable medium 416 may include test data accessinstructions 418 of the data processor 404 to access test data based onan application under load testing.

Computer readable medium 416 may include data element generationinstructions 420 of a data element generator 406 to generate a pluralityof transactional data elements based on the test data, each data elementcomprising at least three data components.

Computer readable medium 416 may include covariance matrix generationinstructions 422 of a matrix generator 408 to generate a covariancematrix based on the at least three data components.

Computer readable medium 416 may include eigenvector determinationinstructions 424 of a data analysis module 410 to determine aneigenvector associated with a lowest eigenvalue of the covariancematrix. In some examples, computer readable medium 416 may includeinstructions of a data analysis module 410 to determine the lowesteigenvalue based on a threshold value.

Computer readable medium 416 may include correlation identificationinstructions 426 of the data analysis module 410 to identify acorrelation between a sub-plurality of the at least three datacomponents based on coefficients of the eigenvector. In some examples,computer readable medium 416 may include correlation identificationinstructions 426 of the data analysis module 410 to identify if thesub-plurality of the at least three data components are positivelycorrelated.

Computer readable medium 416 may include performance metricsdetermination instructions 428 of a performance module 412 to determine,based on the correlation, performance metrics for the application underload testing. In some examples, computer readable medium 416 may includeinstructions of a performance module 412 to detect, based on theperformance metrics, at least one of a potential bottleneck and anincorrect locking for the application under load testing.

Computer readable medium 416 may include system alert triggerinstructions 430 of a load test manager 414 to trigger, via theprocessor 402, a system alert based on the performance metrics for theapplication. In some examples, computer readable medium 416 may includeinstructions of a load test manager 414 to manage, based on theperformance metrics, the application under load testing. In someexamples, computer readable medium 416 may include instructions of aload test manager 414 to perform the load testing on the application.

As used herein, a “computer readable medium” may be any electronic,magnetic, optical, or other physical storage apparatus to contain orstore information such as executable instructions, data, and the like.For example, any computer readable storage medium described herein maybe any of Random Access Memory (RAM), volatile memory, non-volatilememory, flash memory, a storage drive (e.g., a hard drive), a solidstate drive, and the like, or a combination thereof. For example, thecomputer readable medium 416 can include one of or multiple differentforms of memory including semiconductor memory devices such as dynamicor static random access memories (DRAMs or SRAMs), erasable andprogrammable read-only memories (EPROMs), electrically erasable andprogrammable read-only memories (EEPROMs) and flash memories; magneticdisks such as fixed, floppy and removable disks; other magnetic mediaincluding tape; optical media such as compact disks (CDs) or digitalvideo disks (DVDs); or other types of storage devices.

As described herein, various components of the processing system 400 areidentified and refer to a combination of hardware and programmingconfigured to perform a designated function. As illustrated in FIG. 4,the programming may be processor executable instructions stored ontangible computer readable medium 416, and the hardware may includeprocessor 402 for executing those instructions. Thus, computer readablemedium 416 may store program instructions that, when executed byprocessor 402, implement the various components of the processing system400.

Such computer readable storage medium or media is (are) considered to bepart of an article (or article of manufacture). An article or article ofmanufacture can refer to any manufactured single component or multiplecomponents. The storage medium or media can be located either in themachine running the machine-readable instructions, or located at aremote site from which machine-readable instructions can be downloadedover a network for execution.

Computer readable medium 416 may be any of a number of memory componentscapable of storing instructions that can be executed by processor 402.Computer readable medium 416 may be non-transitory in the sense that itdoes not encompass a transitory signal but instead is made up of one ormore memory components configured to store the relevant instructions.Computer readable medium 416 may be implemented in a single device ordistributed across devices. Likewise, processor 402 represents anynumber of processors capable of executing instructions stored bycomputer readable medium 416. Processor 402 may be integrated in asingle device or distributed across devices. Further, computer readablemedium 416 may be fully or partially integrated in the same device asprocessor 402 (as illustrated), or it may be separate but accessible tothat device and processor 402. In some examples, computer readablemedium 416 may be a machine-readable storage medium.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating one example of a method forapplication management based on data correlations. At 500, test databased on an application under load testing may be accessed via aprocessor. At 502, a plurality of transactional data elements may begenerated based on the test data, each data element comprising at leastthree data components. At 504, a covariance matrix may generated basedon the at least three data components. At 506, an eigenvector associatedwith a lowest eigenvalue of the covariance matrix may be determined. At508, a correlation between a sub-plurality of the at least three datasources may be identified based on coefficients of the eigenvector. At510, based on the correlation, performance metrics for the applicationunder load testing may be determined. At 512, based on the performancemetrics, a potential bottleneck for the application under load testingmay be detected.

In some examples, the method further may include triggering, via theprocessor, a system alert based on the performance metrics for theapplication.

In some examples, the method further may include detecting, based on theperformance metrics, an incorrect locking for the application under loadtesting.

In some examples, the lowest eigenvalue has a lowest spectral energy.

In some examples, the lowest eigenvalue is below a threshold value.

Examples of the disclosure provide a generalized system for applicationmanagement based on data correlations. The generalized system mayprovide an automatable approach to discovering complex correlationsbetween three or more components based on an eigen-decomposition of acovariance matrix. System capability may be determined based on the datacorrelations, and appropriate application management functions may beimplemented.

Although specific examples have been illustrated and described herein,the examples illustrate applications to any structured data.Accordingly, there may be a variety of alternate and/or equivalentimplementations that may be substituted for the specific examples shownand described without departing from the scope of the presentdisclosure. This application is intended to cover any adaptations orvariations of the specific examples discussed herein. Therefore, it isintended that this disclosure be limited only by the claims and theequivalents thereof.

1. A system comprising: a data processor to access test data based on anapplication under load testing; a data element generator to generate aplurality of transactional data elements based on the test data, eachdata element comprising at least three data components; a matrixgenerator to generate a covariance matrix based on the at least threedata components; a data analysis module to: determine an eigenvectorassociated with a lowest eigenvalue of the covariance matrix, andidentify a correlation between a sub-plurality of the at least threedata components based on coefficients of the eigenvector; a performancemodule to determine, based on the correlation, performance metrics forthe application under load testing; and a load test manager to manage,based on the performance metrics, the application under load testing. 2.The system of claim 1, wherein the performance module further detects,based on the performance metrics, at least one of a potential bottleneckand an incorrect locking for the application under load testing.
 3. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the lowest eigenvalue has a lowest spectralenergy.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the lowest eigenvalue is belowa threshold value.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the load testmanager triggers a system alert based on the performance metrics for theapplication.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the data analysis modulefurther identifies if the sub-plurality of the at least three datacomponents are positively correlated.
 7. The system of claim 1, whereinthe load test manager performs the load testing on the application.
 8. Amethod for application management based on data correlations, the methodcomprising: accessing, via a processor, test data based on anapplication under load testing; generating a plurality of transactionaldata elements based on the test data, each data element comprising atleast three data components; generating a covariance matrix based on theat least three data components; determining an eigenvector associatedwith a lowest eigenvalue of the covariance matrix; identifying acorrelation between a sub-plurality of the at least three datacomponents based on coefficients of the eigenvector; determining, basedon the correlation, performance metrics for the application under loadtesting; and detecting, based on the performance metrics, a potentialbottleneck for the application under load testing.
 9. The method ofclaim 8, further comprising triggering, via the processor, a systemalert based on the performance metrics for the application.
 10. Themethod of claim 8, further comprising detecting, based on theperformance metrics, an incorrect locking for the application under loadtesting.
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the lowest eigenvalue has alowest spectral energy.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the lowesteigenvalue is below a threshold value.
 13. A non-transitory computerreadable medium comprising executable instructions to: access, via aprocessor, test data based on an application under load testing;generate a plurality of transactional data elements based on the testdata, each data element comprising at least three data components;generate a covariance matrix based on the at least three datacomponents; determine an eigenvector associated with a lowest eigenvalueof the covariance matrix; identify a correlation between a sub-pluralityof the at least three data components based on coefficients of theeigenvector; determine, based on the correlation, performance metricsfor the application under load testing; and trigger, via the processor,a system alert based on the performance metrics for the application. 14.The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 13, furthercomprising instructions to detect, based on the performance metrics, atleast one of a potential bottleneck and an incorrect locking for theapplication under load testing.
 15. The non-transitory computer readablemedium of claim 13, wherein the lowest eigenvalue is below a thresholdvalue.